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morphology
version 0.1.0 |
| phonics | orthography | morphology | syntax & morpho-syntactics | lexicon | culture | artifacts |
| The Idrani Standard Metalinguistic Specification is the only official description of the Idrani language as created by Trent M. Pehrson. All information in this document is the sole property of Trent M. Pehrson unless otherwise specified. For information on terms of use use and copyright policies, click on the link labeled 'terms of use' in the navigation bar at the top of this page. |
| Idrani Morphology Overview |
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Morphology can be generally described as the study of internal word structure. There are numerous morphology approaches and theories. For the purpose of this specification document, morphology will include an inventory of and formal description of the smallest meaningful word constituents (or morphemes) in the Idrani language. It will also include examples of usage through the creation of constructions which use said morphemes. Historical Overview of Idrani Morphology Idrani morphology, more than any other aspect of the language, was changed and influenced over the years, first by exposure to several foreign languages studied by its creator, and then by the formal study of linguistics and the morphological ideas which were generated by said study. For example, the pronominal morphemes 'ta', 'tu' and 'ti' roughly translating as you (sg.), thee, and you (pl.), are left over from the influence of Latin upon Idrani. There are many nominal root morphemes which have been taken from various languages and have continued to travel with Idrani. Some examples are 'kai' meaning commencement taken from Mandarin 'kai' meaning to start or to turn on, 'pi' meaning preference taken from the Russian 'pishu' meaning I like, 'tna' meaning desire coming from an inversion of the English 'want', 'kohti' meaning house from the Finnish 'kohti' also meaning house, and 'chindi' meaning malevolent being from the Navajo 'chindi' meaning devil. There is a tendency among some conlang enthusiasts to require constructed languages to conform to various structures, prescriptions or theories present in the study of natural languages. Such a conlang enthusiast is best advised to set aside such requirements before continuing in this document. Idrani is both a creative work and an experiment in the thresholds of human language capacity. Therefore, it will certainly not fit into any one theoretical bubble because it was not designed and created to do so. Moreover, Idrani is a functioning language as demonstrated by a speech community of three which are all capable and comfortable in the language. So, whether Idrani conforms to some perceived norm or to the requirements of any conlang enthusiast is irrelevant. It is a legitimate language with legitimate purposes regardless of permission to be such. It is hoped that this document may be enjoyed for what it is.
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| Idrani Adpositional Morpheme Categories | ||
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Overview of Adpositional Morphemes
Adpositional morphemes are a class of function morphemes which express grammatical and/or semantic relationships between nominal constructions primarily based on time, space, causality or instrumentality. The various adpositional morpheme categories are derived from the basic adpositional affixes. There are two adpositional morpheme categories which are discribed below. |
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| An adpositional morpheme category containing adpositional morphemes which are attached to nominal stems as suffixes for the purpose of converting such stems into adpositional modifiers. | ||
| An adpositional morpheme category containing irregular, abbreviated forms of the base adpositional morphemes which are attached to nominal stems as prefixes for the purpose of converting such stems into adpositional modifiers. | ||
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| Idrani Classifier Morpheme Categories | |
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Overview of Classifier Morphemes
Conditional morphemes are a class of morphemes which express the classification of nominals to which they are attached. There is only one classifier morpheme category. |
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| The only classifier morpheme category. Contains a group of suffixes which are attached to nominals to express the classification of such nominals. | |
| Idrani Conditional Morpheme Categories | |
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Overview of Conditional Morphemes
Conditional morphemes are a class of morphemes which express a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other proposition is true. There is only one conditional morpheme category. |
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| The only conditional morpheme category. Contains a group of prefixes which are attached to deed-words to express condition. | |
| Idrani Conjunctive Morpheme Categories | |
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Overview of Conjunctive Morphemes
Conjunctive morphemes are a class of function morphemes that syntactically link constructions (and occasionally bind pairs of constructions into single, stem-like constructions) expressing a semantic relationship between them. There are two numeric morpheme categories which are discribed below. |
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| A conjunctive morpheme category containing all the conjunctive morphemes which conjoin deed-word constructions. | |
| A conjunctive morpheme category containing all the conjunctive morphemes which conjoin nominal constructions or modifier constructions. | |
| Idrani Descriptive Modifier Morpheme Categories | |
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Overview of Descriptive Modifier Morphemes
Descriptive modifier morphemes are a class of function morphemes that mark a stem as a descriptive modifier which can be used to modify a head construction. |
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| The only descriptive modifier morpheme category containing all morphemes used in descriptive modification. | |
| Idrani Deed-Word Morpheme Categories | |
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Overview of Deed-Word Morphemes
Deed-word morphemes are a class of function morphemes that mark a stem as a deed-word and which partially express the aspect and/or express epistemic modality in a deed-word construction. There are three deed-word morpheme categories which are discribed below. |
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| A deed-word morpheme category containing all the deed-aspect morphemes which express the ‘doing’ in deed-words. In addition to carrying the deed sense, each deed-aspect morpheme expresses a particular aspect or epistemic modality of the 'doing'. | |
| A deed-word morpheme category containing the existence marker which expresses the existence deed. | |
| A deed-word morpheme category containing the equivalence marker which expresses the equivalence deed. | |
| Idrani Illocutionary Force Morpheme Categories | |
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Overview of Illocutionary Force Morphemes
Illocutionary force morphemes are a class of morphemes which express the general attitude of forcefulness with which a statement is being made to the hearer(s). There is only one conditional morpheme category. |
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| The only illocutionary force morpheme category. Contains a group of suffixes which are attached to deed-words to express illocutionary force behind the assertion of the deed. | |
| Idrani Modal Morpheme Categories | |
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Overview of Modal Morphemes
Modal morphemes are a class of morphemes which express the illocutionary point or general intent of a speaker, or a speaker's degree of commitment to the expressed proposition's believability, obligatoriness, desirability, reality, etc.. There is only one modal morpheme category. |
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| The only modal morpheme category. Contains a group of particles which mark phrases for mode. | |
| Idrani Numeric Morpheme Categories | ||
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Overview of Numeric Morphemes
Numeric morphemes are a class of special morphemes in the semantic domain of numbers which have applications as both content morphemes and as function morphemes. There are several base ten number sets which are symbolically significant in Idrani. These number sets include the Fibonacci set from zero to eight, the multiples of four from four to 36, the multiples of six from six to 54, the multiples of seven from seven to 63, and the multiples of nine from nine to 81. The significant numbers also include all multiples of ten from ten to 90. Each of the values represented in these number sets finds expression in one or more numeric morphemes. There are three numeric morpheme categories which are discribed below. |
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| A numeric morpheme category containing the consonantal and vowelar versions of the numeric morphemes which express values from zero to nine. | ||
| A numeric morpheme category containing the numeric morphemes which perform functions, such as duplication of values or place holding in the construction of numeric stems. | ||
| A numeric morpheme category containing the numeric morphemes which express various values between 10 and 90 from several culturally significant number sets. | ||
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| Idrani Particle Categories | |
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Overview of Particle Morphemes
Particle morphemes are a class of morphemes consisting of all function morphemes that do not fit into any other classification including: the general negation morpheme, the existential morpheme, the equivalence morpheme. |
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| A particle morpheme category containing the two morphemes of the relativizing circumfix which marks phrases as stems. | |
| A particle morpheme category containing the general negation morpheme used to negate deed-words, and modifiers and to express negative modality. | |
| A particle morpheme category containing the gender-nymic morphemes which mark stems as gender specific proper nominals. | |
| Idrani Posessive Morpheme Categories | ||
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Overview of Posessive Morphemes
Posessive morphemes are aclass of function morphemes which are used to mark nominal stems as posessive nominal modifiers. |
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| The only posessive morpheme category containing a set of nominal suffixes which mark posession. | ||
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| Idrani Pronominal Morpheme Categories | |
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Overview of Pronominal Morphemes
Pronominal morphemes are an important class of morphemes which function like nominal constructions and substitute for genitive, agent or patient nominal constructions or which create genitive nominal constructions. Like adpositional morphemes, pronominal morphemes exist in several forms which are derived from base pronominal forms. Idrani base pronominals have several features, namely person, number, gender, deictic type, deictic inclusion and class. There are four permutations which can be carried out upon base pronominals to add an additional features to them. There are three numeric morpheme categories which are discribed below. |
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| A pronominal morpheme category containing the base forms of the pronominal morphemes which are primarily used as agents in deed-word constructions. | |
| A pronominal morpheme category containing the general pronominal morpheme. | |
| Idrani Quantifier Morpheme Categories | ||
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Overview of Quantifier Morphemes
Quantifier morphemes are aclass of function morphemes that express a nominal construction's number. |
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| A quantifier morpheme category containing a set of nominal suffixes dealing with general or non-specific number (i.e. singular and plural). | ||
| A quantifier morpheme category containing a set of nominal suffixes dealing with specific number (i.e. unitary through nonal number). The specific number suffixes are the consonantal portions of the basic numeric morphemes. | ||
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| Idrani Social Deixis Morpheme Categories | |
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Overview of Social Deixis Morphemes
Social deixis morphemes are a class of morphemes which express the social characteristics of, or distinctions between, the participants or referents in a speech event. There is only one classifier morpheme category. |
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| The only social deixis morpheme category. Contains a group of suffixes which are attached to deed-words to express the speakers perception of the hearers social status relative to the speaker. | |
| Idrani Specifier Morpheme Categories | |
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Overview of Specifier Morphemes
Specifier morphemes are a class of article-like function morphemes that express a nominal construction's definite or indefinite reference, new or given status and whole or partitive status. There is only one specifier morpheme category. |
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| The only specifier morpheme category. Contains a group of suffixes which are attached to nominals to express the definite or indefinite reference, new or given status and whole or partitive status of that nominal. | |
| Idrani Temporal Deixis Morpheme Categories | |
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Overview of Temporal Deixis Morphemes
Temporal deixis morphemes are A class of function morphemes that express the temporal reference of the deed in a deed-word construction. There is only one temporal deixis morpheme category. |
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| The only temporal deixis morpheme category. Contains a group of suffixes which are attached to deed-words to express the temporal reference of the deed in a deed-word construction relative to the time of utterance. | |
| Idrani Gender-nymic Morphemes | ||
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Particle Categories |
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Overview of Gender-nymic Morphemes
The gender-nymic morphemes mark stems as gender specific proper nominals |
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lla
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neuter gender-nymic | |
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lle
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masculine gender-nymic | |
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ll+ DLV* (+i)
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feminine gender-nymic | |
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NOTES:
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| Idrani General Negation Morpheme | |||
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Particle Categories |
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Overview of the General Negation Morpheme
There is only one general negation morpheme. The general negation morpheme used to negate deed-words, and modifiers and to express negative modality. |
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an
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negation | no, not, non- | |
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| Idrani Relativizer Morphemes | ||
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Particle Categories |
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Overview of Relativizer Morphemes
The relativizer morphemes are |
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k'
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opening morpheme of the relativizer circumfix | |
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ko
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closing morphem of teh relativizer circumfix | |
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| Idrani Base Adpositional Morphemes | |||
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Overview of Base Adpositional Morphemes
Base adpositional morphemes constitute an adpositional morpheme category containing adpositional morphemes which are attached to nominal stems as suffixes for the purpose of converting such stems into adpositional modifiers. They are also the base adpositional form from which all other adpositional morpheme categories are derived. |
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bef
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precedent / pursuant | (a) prior to, before, preceding; (b) post, after, following | |
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bich
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paralell / perpendicular | (a) along, along with, along the top/side/bottom of; (b) crossing, crossing with/over, intersecting with | |
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bot
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dorsal / ventral | (a) upon, on top of; (b) beneath, under, on the bottom of | |
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choq
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inclusive / exclusive | (a) included in/with, within, inside; (b) excluded from, outside of | |
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fas
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disaggregate / aggregate | (a) of, from, out of/from; (b) incorporated into, into | |
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hut
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convergent / divergent | (a) toward, for, to; (b) from, away from | |
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chag
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causal / non-causal | (a) because of, due to; (b) inspite of, notwithstanding | |
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kath
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northern / southern (anterior / posterior) | (a) in/to the north/north side of, in/on the front/front side of; (b) in/to the south/south side of, at/in/on the back/back side of | |
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kil
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coincidental / differential | (a) like, as, similar to; (b) unlike, dissimilar to | |
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nah/tah
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focal / peripheral | (a) at, upon, on, during, pinpointing; (b) around, in the range of, close to | |
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neh
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contiguous / discontiguous | (a) next to, against, juxtaposed with; (b) separated from | |
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nih
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internal / external | (a) in, inside, within, contained within; (b) out of, outside, without, external to | |
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nok
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conjunctive / disjunctive | (a) with, together with, as a part of; (b) without, outside the presence of | |
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qav
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correlative / inconsistent | (a) relating to, corresponding to, relevant to; (b) unrelated to, irrelivant to | |
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qub
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proximal / distal | (a) by, near to, approximant to; (b) away from, far from, out from | |
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ros
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designative / original | (a) for, to, sent to, going to; (b) from, sent from, coming from | |
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rus
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permeating / enveloping | (a) through, throughout; (b) surrounding, engulfing, encompassing | |
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sel
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western / eastern | (a) in/to the west/west side of, in/on the left/left side of; (b) in/to the east/east side of, at/in/on the right/right side of | |
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tek
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instrumantal / anit-instrumental | (a) via, by means of, by the use of; (b) without the use of, without | |
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tim
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interposal / circumferential | (a) between, amid; (b) on either/both end(s) of, circumscribing | |
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voh
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ascendant / descendant | (a) over, above; (b) below, beneath, under | |
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| Idrani Deed-Aspect Morphemes | |||
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Overview of Deed-Aspect Morphemes
Deed-aspect morphemes express the ‘doing’ in deed-words. In addition to carrying the deed sense, each deed-aspect morpheme expresses a particular aspect and/or epistemic modality of the 'doing'. |
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v
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active | wil do [action] | |
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sh
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now do [action] | ||
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h
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did do [action] | ||
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tl
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apparitional | appearantly/seemingly do [action] | |
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d
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tentative-conditional | should do [action] | |
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p
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inchoative | begin/ start to do [action] | |
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m
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obligatory-necessitive | must/ need to do [action] | |
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r
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completed | have done/ finished doing [action] | |
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ks
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frequentive-iterative | repeatedly do [action] | |
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s
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abilitative-permissive | can/abble to do [action] | |
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ts
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optative-preferential | want/prefer to do [action] | |
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ch
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cessative | stop doing [action] | |
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| Idrani Clause Modality Marker Morphemes | |||
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Morpheme Categories |
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Overview of Clause Modality Morphemes
Illocutionary force morphemes are |
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kih
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Admission | In admission | |
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ij
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Affirmation
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To affirm, in agreement
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iq
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Appearance
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To imply a lack of precise absolution
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ol
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Consequence
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As a naturally following argument
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im
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Continuation
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To imply continuation, persistence or extension of
an idea
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heh
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Contradiction
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To indicate opposition or contradiction
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jekh
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Correction
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To indicate rectification or correction
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tik
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Disclosure
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As an a ccounting or disclosure
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hwe'
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Emphasis
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To emphasize, to indicate insistence or re-assertion
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or
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Explanation
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To explain the unusual or misunderstood
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hwath
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Fact
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In truth and total absolution
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ei
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Impossibility
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In disbelief due to impossibility, or improbability
or percieved falsehood
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nut
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Insistence
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With insistence
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sir
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Intention
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With intent, knowingly
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twakh
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Interogation
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In interrogation, as a request for verification, or
validation
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tha'
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Intuition
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In belief or as an intuition
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an
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Negation
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To negate, in disagreement
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en
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Obligation
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As an obligation based on logic, law, or morality
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sis
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Perception
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In tangible perception, as an empirical observation
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ruk
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Possibility
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As a possibility, as a hope or wish
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al
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Probability
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As probable based on past evidences
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am
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Proposition
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As a proposal
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euh
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Response
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In response to a need, query, or service request
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sim
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Discovery
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As a solution, in discovery, as a new fact
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vats
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Uncertainty
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In uncertainty or guessing, as an admission of possible
error or apology
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spak
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Sacredness
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As a confidence or sacred trust
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ots
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Informality
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As an informal utterance
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chaj
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Directness
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With bluntness or directness
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min
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Softness
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With softness or acknowledgement of dellicacy
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ih
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Peerness
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As a peer
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oh
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Subordination
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As a subordinate
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eh
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Superordination
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As a superior
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ka
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Honor
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In honor, praise or deification
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oks
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Alternative
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As an alternative or additional option
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| Idrani Basic Numeric Morphemes | ||
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Overview of Basic Numeric Morphemes
Basic numeric morphemes constitute a numeric morpheme category containing consonantal and vowelar morpheme pairs which express values from zero to nine. Accordingly, there are 20 basic numeric morphemes which exist in ten sets-- one pair of morphemes for every whole number value from one to nine and one set which represents zero. For example, the consonantal morpheme ‘s’ and the vowelar morpheme ‘u’ below are a set and both express the whole number value 1(one). |
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h
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oi
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express the value 0 (zero) |
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s
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u
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express the value 1 (one) |
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d
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i
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express the value 2 (two) |
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t
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e
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express the value 3 (three) |
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ts
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eu
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express the value 4 (four) |
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p
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o
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express the value 5 (five) |
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ps
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ou
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express the value 6 (six) |
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sk
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ua
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express the value 7 (seven) |
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k
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a
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express the value 8 (eight) |
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ks
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au
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express the value 9 (nine) |
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