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The Idrani Standard Metalinguistic Specification is the only official description of the Idrani language as created by Trent M. Pehrson. All information in this document is the sole property of Trent M. Pehrson unless otherwise specified. For information on terms of use use and copyright policies, click on the link labeled 'terms of use' in the navigation bar at the top of this page.
Morphology:
Idrani Morphology Overview
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What is Idrani Morphology?

Morphology can be generally described as the study of internal word structure. There are numerous morphology approaches and theories. For the purpose of this specification document, morphology will include an inventory of and formal description of the smallest meaningful word constituents (or morphemes) in the Idrani language. It will also include examples of usage through the creation of constructions which use said morphemes.

Historical Overview of Idrani Morphology

Idrani morphology, more than any other aspect of the language, was changed and influenced over the years, first by exposure to several foreign languages studied by its creator, and then by the formal study of linguistics and the morphological ideas which were generated by said study.

For example, the pronominal morphemes 'ta', 'tu' and 'ti' roughly translating as you (sg.), thee, and you (pl.), are left over from the influence of Latin upon Idrani. There are many nominal root morphemes which have been taken from various languages and have continued to travel with Idrani. Some examples are 'kai' meaning commencement taken from Mandarin 'kai' meaning to start or to turn on, 'pi' meaning preference taken from the Russian 'pishu' meaning I like, 'tna' meaning desire coming from an inversion of the English 'want', 'kohti' meaning house from the Finnish 'kohti' also meaning house, and 'chindi' meaning malevolent being from the Navajo 'chindi' meaning devil.

Morphology Disclaimer

There is a tendency among some conlang enthusiasts to require constructed languages to conform to various structures, prescriptions or theories present in the study of natural languages. Such a conlang enthusiast is best advised to set aside such requirements before continuing in this document. Idrani is both a creative work and an experiment in the thresholds of human language capacity. Therefore, it will certainly not fit into any one theoretical bubble because it was not designed and created to do so. Moreover, Idrani is a functioning language as demonstrated by a speech community of three which are all capable and comfortable in the language. So, whether Idrani conforms to some perceived norm or to the requirements of any conlang enthusiast is irrelevant. It is a legitimate language with legitimate purposes regardless of permission to be such. It is hoped that this document may be enjoyed for what it is.

 

 

Idrani Morpheme Classes
Adpositional Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes which express grammatical and/or semantic relationships between sets of nominal constructions and which are primarily based on time, space, causality or instrumentality of those relationships.
Classifier Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes that express the classification of nominals to which they are attached
Conditional Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes that express a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other proposition is true.
Conjunctive Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes that syntactically link constructions (and occasionally bind pairs of constructions into single, stem-like constructions) expressing a semantic relationship between them.
Deed-Word Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes that mark a stem as a deed-word and which partially express the aspect and/or express epistemic modality of the deed in a deed-word construction.
Descriptive Modifier Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes that mark a stem as a descriptive modifier which can be used to modify a head construction.
Illocutionary Force Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes that express the general attitude of forcefulness with which the assertion of a deed is being made to the hearer(s).
Modal Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes that express the illocutionary point or general intent of a speaker, or a speaker's degree of commitment to the expressed proposition's believability, obligatoriness, desirability, reality, etc.
Numeric Morphemes
 A class of special morphemes in the semantic domain of numbers which have applications as both content morphemes and as function morphemes.
Particles
 A class of function morphemes consisting of all function morphemes that do not fit into any other classification including: the general negation morpheme, the existential morpheme, the equivalence morpheme.
Posessive Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes which are used to create posessive nominal modifiers.
Pronominal Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes which function like nominal constructions and substitute for genitive, agent or patient nominal constructions or which create genitive nominal constructions.
Quantifier Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes that express a nominal construction's number .
Root Morphemes
 A class of content morphemes used to create stems to which other morphemes are attached.
Social Deixis Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes that express the social characteristics of, or distinctions between, the participants or referents in a speech event.
Specifier Morphemes
 A class of article-like function morphemes that identify a nominal construction's definite or indefinite reference, new or given status and whole or partitive status.
Temporal Deixis Morphemes
 A class of function morphemes that express the temporal reference of the deed in a deed-word construction.

 

 

Idrani Adpositional Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Adpositional Morphemes
Adpositional morphemes are a class of function morphemes which express grammatical and/or semantic relationships between nominal constructions primarily based on time, space, causality or instrumentality. The various adpositional morpheme categories are derived from the basic adpositional affixes. There are two adpositional morpheme categories which are discribed below.
Base Adpositional Morphemes
 An adpositional morpheme category containing adpositional morphemes which are attached to nominal stems as suffixes for the purpose of converting such stems into adpositional modifiers.
Irregular Adpositional Morphemes
 An adpositional morpheme category containing irregular, abbreviated forms of the base adpositional morphemes which are attached to nominal stems as prefixes for the purpose of converting such stems into adpositional modifiers.

NOTES:

 

Idrani Classifier Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Classifier Morphemes
Conditional morphemes are a class of morphemes which express the classification of nominals to which they are attached. There is only one classifier morpheme category.
Classifier Morphemes
 The only classifier morpheme category. Contains a group of suffixes which are attached to nominals to express the classification of such nominals.

 

Idrani Conditional Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Conditional Morphemes
Conditional morphemes are a class of morphemes which express a logical relation in which the illocutionary act employing one of a pair of propositions is expressed or implied to be true or in force if the other proposition is true. There is only one conditional morpheme category.
Conditional Morphemes
 The only conditional morpheme category. Contains a group of prefixes which are attached to deed-words to express condition.

 

Idrani Conjunctive Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Conjunctive Morphemes
Conjunctive morphemes are a class of function morphemes that syntactically link constructions (and occasionally bind pairs of constructions into single, stem-like constructions) expressing a semantic relationship between them. There are two numeric morpheme categories which are discribed below.
Deed-word Conjunctive Morphemes
A conjunctive morpheme category containing all the conjunctive morphemes which conjoin deed-word constructions.
Nominal Conjunctive Morphemes
A conjunctive morpheme category containing all the conjunctive morphemes which conjoin nominal constructions or modifier constructions.

 

Idrani Descriptive Modifier Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Descriptive Modifier Morphemes
Descriptive modifier morphemes are a class of function morphemes that mark a stem as a descriptive modifier which can be used to modify a head construction.
Modifier Morphemes
 The only descriptive modifier morpheme category containing all morphemes used in descriptive modification.

 

Idrani Deed-Word Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Deed-Word Morphemes
Deed-word morphemes are a class of function morphemes that mark a stem as a deed-word and which partially express the aspect and/or express epistemic modality in a deed-word construction. There are three deed-word morpheme categories which are discribed below.
Deed-Aspect Morphemes
 A deed-word morpheme category containing all the deed-aspect morphemes which express the ‘doing’ in deed-words.  In addition to carrying the deed sense, each deed-aspect morpheme expresses a particular aspect or epistemic modality of the 'doing'.
Existence Marker Morpheme
 A deed-word morpheme category containing the existence marker which expresses the existence deed.
Equivalence Marker Morpheme
 A deed-word morpheme category containing the equivalence marker which expresses the equivalence deed.

 

Idrani Illocutionary Force Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Illocutionary Force Morphemes
Illocutionary force morphemes are a class of morphemes which express the general attitude of forcefulness with which a statement is being made to the hearer(s). There is only one conditional morpheme category.
Illocutionary Force Morphemes
 The only illocutionary force morpheme category. Contains a group of suffixes which are attached to deed-words to express illocutionary force behind the assertion of the deed.

 

Idrani Modal Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Modal Morphemes
Modal morphemes are a class of morphemes which express the illocutionary point or general intent of a speaker, or a speaker's degree of commitment to the expressed proposition's believability, obligatoriness, desirability, reality, etc.. There is only one modal morpheme category.
Clause Modality Morphemes
 The only modal morpheme category. Contains a group of particles which mark phrases for mode.

 

Idrani Numeric Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Numeric Morphemes
Numeric morphemes are a class of special morphemes in the semantic domain of numbers which have applications as both content morphemes and as function morphemes. There are several base ten number sets which are symbolically significant in Idrani. These number sets include the Fibonacci set from zero to eight, the multiples of four from four to 36, the multiples of six from six to 54, the multiples of seven from seven to 63, and the multiples of nine from nine to 81. The significant numbers also include all multiples of ten from ten to 90. Each of the values represented in these number sets finds expression in one or more numeric morphemes. There are three numeric morpheme categories which are discribed below.
Basic Numeric Morphemes
 A numeric morpheme category containing the consonantal and vowelar versions of the numeric morphemes which express values from zero to nine.
Functional Numeric Morphemes
 A numeric morpheme category containing the numeric morphemes which perform functions, such as duplication of values or place holding in the construction of numeric stems.
Secondary Numeric Morphemes
 A numeric morpheme category containing the numeric morphemes which express various values between 10 and 90 from several culturally significant number sets.

NOTES:

 

Idrani Particle Categories
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Overview of Particle Morphemes
Particle morphemes are a class of morphemes consisting of all function morphemes that do not fit into any other classification including: the general negation morpheme, the existential morpheme, the equivalence morpheme.
Relativizer Morphemes
 A particle morpheme category containing the two morphemes of the relativizing circumfix which marks phrases as stems.
General Negation Morpheme
 A particle morpheme category containing the general negation morpheme used to negate deed-words, and modifiers and to express negative modality.
Gender-nymic Morphemes
 A particle morpheme category containing the gender-nymic morphemes which mark stems as gender specific proper nominals.

 

Idrani Posessive Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Posessive Morphemes
Posessive morphemes are aclass of function morphemes which are used to mark nominal stems as posessive nominal modifiers.
General Posessive Morphemes
 The only posessive morpheme category containing a set of nominal suffixes which mark posession.

NOTES:

  • Singular number is not marked in Idrani.

 

Idrani Pronominal Morpheme Categories
| TOP |
Overview of Pronominal Morphemes
Pronominal morphemes are an important class of morphemes which function like nominal constructions and substitute for genitive, agent or patient nominal constructions or which create genitive nominal constructions. Like adpositional morphemes, pronominal morphemes exist in several forms which are derived from base pronominal forms. Idrani base pronominals have several features, namely person, number, gender, deictic type, deictic inclusion and class. There are four permutations which can be carried out upon base pronominals to add an additional features to them. There are three numeric morpheme categories which are discribed below.
Base Pronominal Morphemes
 A pronominal morpheme category containing the base forms of the pronominal morphemes which are primarily used as agents in deed-word constructions.
General Pronominal Morpheme
A pronominal morpheme category containing the general pronominal morpheme.

 

Idrani Quantifier Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Quantifier Morphemes
Quantifier morphemes are aclass of function morphemes that express a nominal construction's number.
General Number Morphemes
 A quantifier morpheme category containing a set of nominal suffixes dealing with general or non-specific number (i.e. singular and plural).
Specific Number Morphemes
 A quantifier morpheme category containing a set of nominal suffixes dealing with specific number (i.e. unitary through nonal number). The specific number suffixes are the consonantal portions of the basic numeric morphemes.

NOTES:

  • Singular number is not marked in Idrani.

 

Idrani Social Deixis Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Social Deixis Morphemes
Social deixis morphemes are a class of morphemes which express the social characteristics of, or distinctions between, the participants or referents in a speech event. There is only one classifier morpheme category.
Social Deixis Morphemes
 The only social deixis morpheme category. Contains a group of suffixes which are attached to deed-words to express the speakers perception of the hearers social status relative to the speaker.

 

Idrani Specifier Morpheme Categories
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Overview of Specifier Morphemes
Specifier morphemes are a class of article-like function morphemes that express a nominal construction's definite or indefinite reference, new or given status and whole or partitive status. There is only one specifier morpheme category.
Specifier Morphemes
 The only specifier morpheme category. Contains a group of suffixes which are attached to nominals to express the definite or indefinite reference, new or given status and whole or partitive status of that nominal.

 

Idrani Temporal Deixis Morpheme Categories
| TOP |
Overview of Temporal Deixis Morphemes
Temporal deixis morphemes are A class of function morphemes that express the temporal reference of the deed in a deed-word construction. There is only one temporal deixis morpheme category.
Temporal Deixis Morphemes
 The only temporal deixis morpheme category. Contains a group of suffixes which are attached to deed-words to express the temporal reference of the deed in a deed-word construction relative to the time of utterance.

 

 

Idrani Modifier Morphemes
| TOP | Descriptive Modifier Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Modifier Morphemes
Modifier morphemes are a group of morphemes which are used in descriptive modification.
tth
 empirical X-ful, X-fully, X-ish (empirical or understated)
tlo
 aesthetic-emphatic X-ful, X-fully, X-ish
bi
 comparator particle X is more MOD than Y
ba
 quantative degree particle by X amount
i / 'i
 universal-comparative more X-full / fully than any other
a / 'a
 superlative most X-ful, most X-fully
DFV* / DFS**
 antecedent marker  
USAGE:

NOTES:

  • *DFV. acronym for duplicate first vowel
  • **DFS accronym for duplicate first syllable

 

Idrani General Posessive Morphemes
| TOP | Posessive Morpheme Categories |
Overview of General Posessive Morphemes
General posessive morphemes are a group of suffixes which are attached to nominal stems to mark them as posessive modifiers.
l
 posessive belonging to
n
 posessive belonging to
kh
 plural-possessive belonging to more than one
USAGE:

 

 

Idrani Gender-nymic Morphemes
| TOP | Particle Categories |
Overview of Gender-nymic Morphemes
The gender-nymic morphemes mark stems as gender specific proper nominals.
lla
 neuter gender-nymic
lle
 masculine gender-nymic
ll+ DLV* (+i)
 feminine gender-nymic
USAGE:

NOTES:

  • *DLV. acronym for duplicate last vowel

 

Idrani General Negation Morpheme
| TOP | Particle Categories |
Overview of the General Negation Morpheme
There is only one general negation morpheme. The general negation morpheme used to negate deed-words, and modifiers and to express negative modality.
an
 negation no, not, non-
USAGE:

 

Idrani Relativizer Morphemes
| TOP | Particle Categories |
Overview of Relativizer Morphemes
The relativizer morphemes are the opening and closing affixes of a circumfix which is placed around a phrase to mark it as a stem.
k'
 opening morpheme of the relativizer circumfix
ko
 closing morphem of teh relativizer circumfix
USAGE:

 

Idrani General Pronominal Morpheme
| TOP | Pronominal Morpheme Categories |
Overview of the General Pronominal Morpheme
The general pronominal morpheme expresses the meaning of its marked referent. The general pronominal morpheme is a dynamic morpheme constructed by duplicating the final vowel of the marked referent. 
[DLV.]*
 general pronominal [that which was referenced with 'zh' + DLV.]
USAGE:

NOTES:

  • *DLV. acronym for duplicate last vowel

 

 

Idrani Temporal Deixis Morphemes
| TOP | Temporal Deixis Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Temporal Deixis Morphemes
Temporal deixis morphemes are group of suffixes which are attached to deed-words to express the temporal reference of the deed in a deed-word construction relative to the time of utterance.
e
 pursuant later, subsequently
a
 contemporaneous now, currently
u
 precedent before, previously
ari
 omni-temporal always
USAGE:

 

Idrani Specifier Morphemes
| TOP | Specifier Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Specifier Morphemes
Specifier morphemes are a group of suffixes which are attached to nominals to express the definite or indefinite reference, new or given status and whole or partitive status of such nominals.
a
 new whole a, an
i
 given whole the
e
 given partative some, any
o
 given local whole this
u
 given distant whole that
USAGE:

 

Idrani Social Deixis Morphemes
| TOP | Social Deixis Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Social Deixis Morphemes
Social deixis morphemes are a group of suffixes which are attached to deed-words to express the speakers perception of the hearers social status relative to the speaker. There are four suffixes which express social deixis. 
heh
 subordinate speaker considers hearer as subordinate
hoh
 peer speaker considers hearer as peer
hah
 superior speaker considers hearer as superior
huh
 deific speaker considers hearer as deific
USAGE:

 

 

Idrani Classifier Morphemes
| TOP | Classifier Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Classifier Morphemes
Classifier morphemes are a group of suffixes which are attached to nominal stems to express classification of such nominal stems. Whole classification is the default classification of any nominal and does not require marking. There are six suffix types which express classification. 
t
 archetypal kind of, variety of
b
 clustered group of, bundle of
q
 contained container of, volume of
g
 paired or ordered pair of, collection of, set of
ks
 portional piece of, portion of, part of
w
 whole or unitary one of, whole of
y
'
USAGE:

 

 

Idrani General Number Morphemes
| TOP | Quantifier Morpheme Categories |
Overview of General Number Morphemes
General number morphemes are a group of suffixes which are attached to nominal stems to express plural number. Singular number is the default state of any nominal and does not require marking. There are three suffixes which express general number. 
k
 plural more than one in number
ng
 plural more than one in number
kh
 plural-possessive more than one in number which posess or own
USAGE:

 

 

Idrani Base Adpositional Morphemes
| TOP | Adpositional Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Base Adpositional Morphemes
Base adpositional morphemes constitute an adpositional morpheme category containing adpositional morphemes which are attached to nominal stems as suffixes for the purpose of converting such stems into adpositional modifiers. They are also the base adpositional form from which all other adpositional morpheme categories are derived. Base adpositional morphemes each have both a pole a and a pole b meaning.
bef
 precedent / pursuant (a) prior to, before, preceding; (b) post, after, following
bich
 paralell / perpendicular (a) along, along with, along the top/side/bottom of; (b) crossing, crossing with/over, intersecting with
bot
 dorsal / ventral (a) upon, on top of; (b) beneath, under, on the bottom of
choq
 inclusive / exclusive (a) included in/with, within, inside; (b) excluded from, outside of
fas
 disaggregate / aggregate (a) of, from, out of/from; (b) incorporated into, into
hut
 convergent / divergent (a) toward, for, to; (b) from, away from
chag
 causal / non-causal (a) because of, due to; (b) inspite of, notwithstanding
kath
 northern / southern (anterior / posterior) (a) in/to the north/north side of, in/on the front/front side of; (b) in/to the south/south side of, at/in/on the back/back side of
kil
 coincidental / differential (a) like, as, similar to; (b) unlike, dissimilar to
nah/tah
 focal / peripheral (a) at, upon, on, during, pinpointing; (b) around, in the range of, close to
neh
 contiguous / discontiguous (a) next to, against, juxtaposed with; (b) separated from
nih
 internal / external (a) in, inside, within, contained within; (b) out of, outside, without, external to
nok
 conjunctive / disjunctive (a) with, together with, as a part of; (b) without, outside the presence of
qav
 correlative / inconsistent (a) relating to, corresponding to, relevant to; (b) unrelated to, irrelivant to
qub
 proximal / distal (a) by, near to, approximant to; (b) away from, far from, out from
ros
 designative / original (a) for, to, sent to, going to; (b) from, sent from, coming from
rus
 permeating / enveloping (a) through, throughout; (b) surrounding, engulfing, encompassing
sel
 western / eastern (a) in/to the west/west side of, in/on the left/left side of; (b) in/to the east/east side of, at/in/on the right/right side of
tek
 instrumantal / anit-instrumental (a) via, by means of, by the use of; (b) without the use of, without
tim
 interposal / circumferential (a) between, amid; (b) on either/both end(s) of, circumscribing
voh
 ascendant / descendant (a) over, above; (b) below, beneath, under
USAGE:

NOTES:

 

Idrani Irregular Adpositional Morphemes
| TOP | Adpositional Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Irregular Adpositional Morphemes
Irregualr adpositional morphemes constitute an adpositional morpheme category containing irregular, abbreviated forms of the base adpositional morphemes which are attached to nominal stems as prefixes for the purpose of converting such stems into adpositional modifiers. Irregualr adpositional morphemes have a pole a meaning only.
t
 convergent (a) toward, for, to
l
 coincidental (a) like, as, similar to
h
 focal (a) at, upon, on, during, pinpointing
n
 internal (a) in, inside, within, contained within
k
 conjunctive (a) with, together with
r
 designative (a) for, to, sent to, going to
m
 interposal (a) between, amid
USAGE:

 

 

Idrani Conditional Morphemes
| TOP | Conditional Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Conditional Morphemes
Conditional morphemes are a group of prefixes which are attached to deed-words to express condition. Idrani conditionals consist of consonantal ejectives such as ‘t’’. A deed-word marked as a condition is a proposition related to the next following deed-word, in reasoning, as a premise to a conclusion, or an antecedent to a consequent.  In other words, conditional morphemes mark deed-word phrases as conditions or premises upon which other deed-word phrases are based. There are six conditional morphemes in Idrani. 
f'
   if, provided that
k'
    
ts'
    
p'
    
s'
   when, as, during
t'
    
USAGE:

 

 

Idrani Nominal Conjunctive Morphemes
| TOP | Conjunctive Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Nominal Conjunctive Morphemes
Nominal conjunctive morphemes are a group of morphemes which conjoin multiple nominal constructions or modifier constructions. There are four nominal conjunctive morphemes in Idrani. 
hai
 coordinate inclusive (n) X and also Y; (m) X -full and Y-full
hei
 coordinate optional (n) X or Y; (m) X -full or Y-full
bau
 correlative selective (n) X but not Y; (m) X -full but not Y-full
nai
 correlative exclusive (n) not X and not Y; (m) not X -full and not Y-full
USAGE:

 

 

Idrani Deed-Word Conjunctive Morphemes
| TOP | Conjunctive Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Deed-Word Conjunctive Morphemes
Nominal conjunctive morphemes are a group of morphemes which conjoin multiple deed-word constructions. There are four deed-word conjunctive morphemes in Idrani. 
in
 coordinate inclusive do X and also Y
ol
 coordinate optional do X or Y
ain
 correlative selective do X but not Y
eit
 correlative exclusive not do X and not do Y
USAGE:

 

 

Idrani Deed-Aspect Morphemes
| TOP | Deed-Word Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Deed-Aspect Morphemes
Deed-aspect morphemes express the ‘doing’ in deed-words.  In addition to carrying the deed sense, each deed-aspect morpheme expresses a particular aspect and/or epistemic modality of the 'doing'. The active deed-aspect morphemes also carry temporal deixis. There are 12 deed-aspect morphemes in Idrani. 
v
 active wil do [action]
sh
 now do [action]
h
 did do [action]
tl
 apparitional appearantly/seemingly do [action]
d
 tentative-conditional should do [action]
p
 inchoative begin/ start to do [action]
m
 obligatory-necessitive must/ need to do [action]
r
 completed have done/ finished doing [action]
ks
 frequentive-iterative repeatedly do [action]
s
 abilitative-permissive can/abble to do [action]
ts
 optative-preferential want/prefer to do [action]
ch
 cessative stop doing [action]
USAGE:

 

 

Idrani Existence Marker Morpheme
| TOP | Deed-Word Morpheme Categories |
Overview of the Existence Marker Morpheme
The existence marker morpheme expresses the existence deed. In other words, it expresses that the referent of the stem exists or is. The existence marker is a dynamic morpheme constructed by duplicating the final vowel of the stem. 
[DLV.]*
 existence marker [stem] does existance (exists/is)
USAGE:

NOTES:

  • *DLV. acronym for duplicate last vowel

 

Idrani Equivalence Marker Morpheme
| TOP | Deed-Word Morpheme Categories |
Overview of the Equivalence Marker Morpheme
The equivalence marker morpheme expresses the equivalence deed. In other words, it expresses that the referent of the stem is equivalent to the referent implied in an adjacent construction. The equivalence marker is a dynamic morpheme constructed by adding a glottal stop to the stem followed by a duplicate of the final vowel of the stem. 
[' + DLV.]*
 existence marker [stem] does existance as (exists as/is (an X))
USAGE:

NOTES:

  • *DLV. acronym for duplicate last vowel

 

Idrani Illocutionary Force Morphemes
| TOP | Illocutionary Force Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Illocutionary Force Morphemes
Illocutionary force morphemes are a group of suffixes which are attached to deed-words to express illocutionary force behind the assertion of the deed. There are three illocutionary force morphemes in Idrani. 
o'
 informal cordiality, kindness, welcome, concurrence, concern
e'
 direct bluntness, boldness, challenge
u'
 soft politness, formality, delicacy
USAGE:

 

 

Idrani Clause Modality Marker Morphemes
| TOP | Modal Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Clause Modality Morphemes
Illocutionary force morphemes are a group of particles which mark phrases for mode.  There are 34 common clause modality markers.
kih
 Admission In admission
ij
Affirmation
To affirm, in agreement
iq
Appearance
To imply a lack of precise absolution
ol
Consequence
As a naturally following argument
im
Continuation
To imply continuation, persistence or extension of an idea
heh
Contradiction
To indicate opposition or contradiction
jekh
Correction
To indicate rectification or correction
tik
Disclosure
As an a ccounting or disclosure
hwe'
Emphasis
To emphasize, to indicate insistence or re-assertion
or
Explanation
To explain the unusual or misunderstood
hwath
Fact
In truth and total absolution
ei
Impossibility
In disbelief due to impossibility, or improbability or percieved falsehood
nut
Insistence
With insistence
sir
Intention
With intent, knowingly
twakh
Interogation
In interrogation, as a request for verification, or validation
tha'
Intuition
In belief or as an intuition
an
Negation
To negate, in disagreement
en
Obligation
As an obligation based on logic, law, or morality
sis
Perception
In tangible perception, as an empirical observation
ruk
Possibility
As a possibility, as a hope or wish
al
Probability
As probable based on past evidences
am
Proposition
As a proposal
euh
Response
In response to a need, query, or service request
sim
Discovery
As a solution, in discovery, as a new fact
vats
Uncertainty
In uncertainty or guessing, as an admission of possible error or apology
spak
Sacredness
As a confidence or sacred trust
ots
Informality
As an informal utterance
chaj
Directness
With bluntness or directness
min
Softness
With softness or acknowledgement of dellicacy
ih
Peerness
As a peer
oh
Subordination
As a subordinate
eh
Superordination
As a superior
ka
Honor
In honor, praise or deification
oks
Alternative
As an alternative or additional option
USAGE:

 

 

Idrani Basic Numeric Morphemes
| TOP | Numeric Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Basic Numeric Morphemes
Basic numeric morphemes constitute a numeric morpheme category containing consonantal and vowelar morpheme pairs which express values from zero to nine. Accordingly, there are 20 basic numeric morphemes which exist in ten sets-- one pair of morphemes for every whole number value from one to nine and one set which represents zero.  For example, the consonantal morpheme ‘s’ and the vowelar morpheme ‘u’ below are a set and both express the whole number value 1(one).
h
oi
 express the value 0 (zero)
s
u
 express the value 1 (one)
d
i
 express the value 2 (two)
t
e
 express the value 3 (three)
ts
eu
 express the value 4 (four)
p
o
 express the value 5 (five)
ps
ou
 express the value 6 (six)
sk
ua
 express the value 7 (seven)
k
a
 express the value 8 (eight)
ks
au
 express the value 9 (nine)
USAGE:

NOTES:

 

Idrani Functional Numeric Morphemes
| TOP | Numeric Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Functional Numeric Morphemes
Functional numeric morphemes constitute a numeric morpheme category containing the numeric morphemes which perform functions, such as duplication of values or place holding in the construction of numeric stems. There are 9 functional numeric morphemes six of which exist in sets wherein one pair of morphemes consisting of a vowelar version and a consonantal version both express a particular function. For example, the consonantal morpheme ‘n’ and the vowelar morpheme ‘ai’ below are a set and both express one empty place value.
n
ai
 express one empty place value
sh
ei
 express two empty place values
ch
iu
 express three empty place values
kh + N
 express N empty place values (N is a basic numeric morpheme VC pair)
'a
 express one place with the same value as that expressed by the morpheme preceding it
y/w + N
 express N places with the same value as that expressed by the morpheme preceding it

USAGE:

 

 

Idrani Secondary Numeric Morphemes
| TOP | Numeric Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Secondary Numeric Morphemes
Secondary numeric morphemes constitute a numeric morpheme category containing the numeric morphemes which express various values between 10 and 90 from several culturally significant number sets. There are 28 secondary numeric morphemes.  The secondary numeric morphemes have only a consonantal component.
dh
 expresses the value 12
hl
 expresses the value 14
ng
 expresses the value 16
j
 expresses the value 18
f
 expresses the value 20
t'
 expresses the value 21
tn
 expresses the value 24
b
 expresses the value 27
g
 expresses the value 28
fv
 expresses the value 30
kl
 expresses the value 32
k'
 expresses the value 35
v
 expresses the value 36
zh
 expresses the value 40
dl
 expresses the value 42
q
 expresses the value 45
pf
 expresses the value 48
ts'
 expresses the value 49
dn
 expresses the value 50
z
 expresses the value 54
th
 expresses the value 56
l
 expresses the value 60
r
 expresses the value 63
t-h
 expresses the value 70
tl
 expresses the value 72
sz
 expresses the value 80
m
 expresses the value 81
k-h
 expresses the value 90
USAGE:

 

Idrani Base Pronominal Morphemes
| TOP | Pronominal Morpheme Categories |
Overview of Base Pronominal Morphemes
Base pronominal morphemes constitute a pronominal morpheme category containing the base forms of the pronominal morphemes which are primarily used as agents in deed-word constructions. Pronominal morphemes are all monosyllables (such as ‘he’) composed of a consonantal onset (like ‘h’), and a vowelar nucleus (like ‘e’).  In this base form, Idrani pronominals can be used to indicate the agent in deed words, as topics in topic-comment phrases, and as nominal stems for the purpose of indicating various entities which are specified in other nominal structures or which are implied. There are 14 base pronominals.
he
 first, singular, neuter, inclusive, personal deixis, human I
so
 first, plural, neuter, exclusive, personal deixis, human we (inclusive)
zo
 first, plural, neuter, inclusive, personal deixis, human we (exclusive)
ta
 second, singular, neuter, inclusive, personal deixis, human you (singular)
ti
 second, plural, neuter, inclusive, personal deixis, human you (plural)
kha
 third, singular, masculine, exclusive, personal deixis, human he (human)
she
 third, singular, feminine, exclusive, personal deixis, human she (human)
ko
 third, singular, neuter, exclusive, personal deixis, human it/one (human)
no
 third, singular, neuter, exclusive, personal deixis, non-human it (non-human)
ra
 third, plural, neuter, exclusive, personal deixis, human/non-human they
jo
 third, singular, neuter, exclusive, local deixis, non-human this one
go
 third, plural, neuter, exclusive, local deixis, non-human these ones
ju
 third, singular, neuter, exclusive, distant deixis, non-human that one
gu
 third, plural, neuter, exclusive, distant deixis, non-human those ones
USAGE:

NOTES:

 

 

Marking Nominals as Descriptive Modifiers
| TOP | Descriptive Modifier Morpheme Categories | Descriptive Modifier Morphemes |


Forming Descriptive Modifiers

Descriptive modifiers give further attributes or description to the constructions they modify. They are formed when nominal stems are affixed with descriptive modification morphemes. Like posessive and adpositional descriptive, general modifiers always follow the constructions they modify.

 

Aesthetic-Emphatic Modifier Morpheme

The aesthetic-emphatic modifier morpheme 'tlo' is affixed to a nominal stem to create a descriptive modifier. Usually, the stem should be a non-empirical word and a word capable of description. The aesthetic-emphatic morpheme indicates that the description contained in the modifier is not factual but aesthetic or opinion-based. In a sentence with stron illocutionary force, it can also be interpreted as emphatic or even sarcastic. Below is an example of how to form an aesthetic-emphatic descriptive modifier:--

 

itu à itutlo

itu = beauty
itutlo = beautiful, beautifully

 

Empirical Modifier Morpheme

The empirical modifier morpheme 'tth' is affixed to a nominal stem to create a descriptive modifier. Usually, the stem should be a empirical word and a word capable of preciece description. The empirical morpheme indicates that the description contained in the modifier is factual or readily observable. Below is an example of how to form an empirical descriptive modifier:--

 

iche à ichetth

iche = red, redness
ichetth = red, reddish

Comparative Modifier Morpheme

The comparative modifier morpheme ''i' is affixed to a nominal stem which has been marked as a descriptive modifier, to create a comparative descriptive modifier. Below is an example of how to form a comparative descriptive modifier:--

 

itutlo à